User:Xzdxdd123/Holy Roman Empire

Holy Roman Empire
	File:HolyRomanLogo.png
Main leader	Kaiserin Maria Myers
Formerly	See below
Secondary leaders	Reichstag
Race(s)	Human
Capital	Municipality of Rome
Government	Socialist Parliamentary Constitutional Monarchy; (House of Myers)
Sub-group(s)	Reichswehr
Affiliation	Roman-Shanghai-Tokyo Organization
Status	Joined in Terran Republic.

The Holy Roman Empire (Deutsch: Heiliges Römisches Reich; Latina: Sacrum Romanum Imperium). It is the only country on the European continent and the only truly unified country on the European continent today. Its capital, Rome, is located in the Latium Plain in the central and western part of the Apennine Peninsula. Its territory covers the entire European continent, the Middle East and the west, northern Africa, Siberia, the Caucasus, Greenland, etc. The land area is as long as 32,917,172.8 square kilometers, making it the largest country in the world in terms of land area. It is divided into 178 provinces and 5 municipalities. The territorial waters consist of 8 inland seas (Mediterranean Sea, Aegean Sea, Black Sea, Sea of Azov, Sea of Marmara, Baltic Sea, Red Sea, Caspian Sea), the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Persian Gulf, and the Arctic Ocean. It spans 20 time zones and covers a wide range of environments and terrains. With the world's largest forest reserves, natural resources and a large number of freshwater lakes, the Holy Roman Empire has five land neighbors: the African Union, Iran, Kazakhstan, China and Mongolia, and is across the sea from Canada and Japan. The country has a population of 1,250,000,000, second only to India and China.

240 years after the end of the Napoleonic Wars, especially after the end of World War III, the Holy Roman Empire was rebuilt with the assistance of Japan and became the world's first and only socialist parliamentary constitutional monarchy that unified the entire European continent. It has become the country with the largest territory in the world. After the reconstruction, the country has also become the only country in the Chinese character cultural circle with its capital in Europe. The country is also a major member of the Upper East and a member of major international organizations (such as BRICS, G20, etc.).

Although the country is the only country other than Japan that has been hit by nuclear weapons during the interim government period, after the reconstruction of the Holy Roman Empire, it inherited all the nuclear weapons owned by the original member states. Including Big Ivan (also known as the Tsar Bomb, now known as "Emperor's Wrath"). The country also inherited three of the signatories of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (UK, France, Russia). As of now, the country has a maximum of 7,000 nuclear warheads.

In 2150, the Holy Roman Empire ceased to exist after the establishment of the "Terran Republic". This was the second... and last time the Holy Roman Empire was declared dead.

Country Name

The name of the Holy Roman Empire has developed and evolved. Most people refer to it as "Rome", "HRE", "Germany", "HRR"(from Deutsch/german), etc.

Roman Empire (962-1157)
Holy Roman Empire (1157-1806, 2045 to present)
Holy Roman Empire of the German nation (1512-1806)

In other two Chinese characters cultural circle countries except China and Japan, the Holy Roman Empire is called variously:

Tieng Viet: De Quoc La Ma Than Thanh
Hangugeo: Sinseong Loma Jeguk

History

Background

Roman Empire wikipedia:zh:Tetrad

In 293, the emperor of the Roman Empire adopted the Tetrad system, dividing the empire into two halves, the eastern and western halves, and the empire has been divided and reunited since then. In 395, Theodosius I divided the empire between his two sons, and it was divided into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire. The capital of the Western Roman Empire was Ravenna, and the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire was Constantinople. But they were not hostile to each other and cooperated closely in many aspects.

In the following decades, Rome was captured and bloodbathed by Alaric I of the Visigothic Kingdom and the Vandals many times, and the strength and majesty of the Western Roman Empire plummeted. In 476, the Western Roman Empire completely disintegrated, and the last Roman emperor Romulus Augustus was deposed by Odoacer, who issued an edict to the Eastern Roman Empire, announcing that there would be no more emperors in the Western Roman Empire. The Eastern Roman Empire was preserved, which was later known as the Byzantine Empire. Although the Western Roman Empire collapsed in 476 and its emperor was deposed by the Visigoths, the Romans' rule in the Paris region continued until 486.

Charlemagne's Carolingian Roman Empire

Main article: Carolingian Empire

In the same year, Clovis, the leader of the Frankish tribe, defeated the Romans and established the Frankish Kingdom of the Merovingian family. After that, the Frankish Kingdom continued to grow and develop. Under the rule of Charlemagne of the Carolingian Dynasty, the kingdom reached its peak and conquered territories covering France, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, northern Italy, Bohemia, western Austria, and the northeastern corner of the Iberian Peninsula. On Christmas Day in 800, Charlemagne was crowned "Emperor of the Romans" by Pope Leo III while attending mass in Rome. The entire Frankish Kingdom was also generally referred to as the "Carolingian Empire", but Charlemagne's country was still called the Frankish Kingdom. The Western Roman Empire was restored in the form of the throne being transferred to the King of the Franks. The Carolingian Empire laid the foundation for the Holy Roman Empire in later generations until the Holy Roman Empire was forcibly dissolved in 1806.

In 840, Charles the Great's son, Louis I, died, and his empire fell apart. In 843, the three sons of Louis I signed the Treaty of Verdun, dividing the country into three parts. Among them, Lothair, the eldest grandson of Charlemagne, inherited the title of emperor and ruled the territory from the lower reaches of the Rhine to the south, through the Rhone River basin, and to the central region of Italy, which was the Middle Frankish Kingdom. His younger brother, Louis the German, was given the area east of the Rhine, which was the East Frankish Kingdom. Another younger brother, Charles the Bald, ruled the western region outside of this, which was the West Frankish Kingdom.

After Charlemagne's death, in 841, Charles the Fat (East Frankish) and Charles the Bald (West Frankish) united to defeat their elder brother. The title of "Roman Emperor" has always been held by the Carolingian monarchs of the East Frankish Kingdom and the West Frankish Kingdom in turn. The imperial crown was initially fought over between West Frankish and East Frankish, and first fell to Charles the Bald in the west and Charles the Fat in the east as a trophy. In 870, Charles the Fat and Charles the Bald signed the Treaty of Mersen, dividing the Middle Frankish Kingdom of their elder brother.

After Charles the Fat was deposed in 887 and died in 888, the Carolingian Empire was divided and disintegrated, and never unified again. Since Charles the Fat, the title holders of the Roman Empire were mostly Italian kings crowned by the Pope. The actual rule of the Italian kings was extremely limited, limited to northeastern Italy, and those kings were almost native Italian nobles. The last such emperor was Berengar I, an Italian who died in 924. According to the Regino of Prüm, each part of the empire elected a "kinglet" from within.

The Reich was founded

Main article: Chronicle of Myers: Origins

Founding of the Reich by Otto I

Around 900, the local power of the East Frankish Kingdom rose, forming four duchies based on four major Germanic tribes: Saxony (Saxons), Franconia (Old Franks), Swabia (Alemanni) and Bavaria (Bavarians). In 911, the last king of the Carolingian family, Louis the Child, died, but the East Frankish nobles did not choose a member of the Carolingian family of the West Frankish Kingdom as his successor, but elected Duke Conrad of Franconia as the new king. When Conrad was dying, he designated his old enemy, Duke Henry of Saxony, as his successor. In 919, Duke Henry of Saxony was elected King of the East Frankish Kingdom (Saxon Dynasty) among many dukes of the East Frankish Kingdom, and his descendants continued to rule the East Frankish Kingdom for about a century. In 936, Henry died and his designated successor, his son, Otto I, was elected king in Aachen. He put down a series of rebellions led by his eldest brother and some dukes. After that, the king successfully controlled the appointment and dismissal of dukes and often appointed bishops to manage administrative affairs. In 951, Otto I helped Adelaide, a widowed queen of Italy, defeat her enemies. Marry her and control Italy. In 955, Otto I won a decisive victory at the Battle of Lechfeld against the Hungarian chieftains of Horkabour Su and Reer and Sur.

In 962, Otto I, King of the East Frankish Kingdom, was crowned emperor in Rome by Pope John XII, becoming the guardian and emperor of Rome and the supreme ruler of the Roman Catholic world. From then on, the affairs of the empire were entangled with those of Italy and the Roman Curia. Otto's coronation ceremony made the German kings heirs to Charlemagne's empire and also made them heirs to ancient Rome through the principle of imperial succession. The empire had no fixed capital, and the kings moved constantly between various residences (known as Kaiserpfalz) to conduct government. However, each king had a preferred location, which for Otto I was Magdeburg.

The throne continued to be passed on by election, but before the kings died, their sons were often chosen as the next king, which made it possible for their families to retain the throne for a long time. This feature lasted until the end of the Salian rule in the 12th century. This also reignited the conflict with the Eastern Roman emperor in Constantinople, especially after Otto I's son Otto II proclaimed himself Emperor of the Romans. Despite this, Otto maintained marriage ties with the Eastern Roman Empire by marrying the Byzantine princess Theophano, the great-niece of Emperor Nikephoros II. Their son Otto III focused on Italy and the Roman Curia and carried out extensive diplomacy, but died young in 1002.

He was succeeded by his cousin Henry II, and he focused on internal German affairs.

Salian Dynasty

Main article: Salian Dynasty

In 1024, Henry II died without an heir, and Conrad II from Franconia was elected King of East Francia and crowned Emperor in 1027.

Conrad II inherited the Kingdom of Burgundy after the death of King Rudolf III of Burgundy.

In 1125, the last monarch Henry V died without an heir, and the Salian rule ended.

During the nearly 100-year rule of the Salian family, a far-reaching struggle for investiture took place between the emperor and the church

Investiture Controversy

Main article: Investiture Controversy

In the early to mid-Middle Ages, the German nobles generally lacked cultural education and were unable to provide efficient administration. Therefore, successive kings often hired Catholic bishops who were familiar with ancient Roman law to manage administrative affairs. As a result, kings often decided who would enter the church.

In the early days of the Cluny Reform, the Roman Curia increasingly considered this behavior to be an inappropriate overreach. Pope Gregory VII was determined to oppose such behavior, which led to the Investiture Controversy with Emperor Henry IV, who opposed the Pope's interference and persuaded the bishops to depose the Pope. The Pope fought back and also excommunicated the emperor, excommunicated the king, and released Henry from his oath of loyalty. Upon learning that the emperor was excommunicated, the German princes, who were striving for greater power, elected another king, Rudolf of Swabia. The emperor found himself politically isolated and forced to make the famous journey to Canossa in 1077 and to restore himself to the church at the cost of ignominy. After his restoration, Henry successfully defeated the opposing king and even forced Gregory to the brink of death, but eventually suffered more uprisings, excommunication again, and even a rebellion led by his own son.

In 1122, his second son Henry V successfully negotiated the Concordat of Worms with the Pope and bishops. The political power of the empire was retained, but the conflict showed that the power of all rulers was limited, especially in relation to the church, and abolished the sainthood previously enjoyed by the king. The pope and the princes have since occupied an equal position in the political system of the empire.

It is worth noting that during this period, "King of the Romans" (Latin: Rex Romanorum) replaced the King of the (East) Franks (or simply "King") and became the title of the uncrowned emperor-elect for the first time: this was the response of Henry IV, who ascended the throne at a young age, to Pope Gregory VII, who attempted to deny the Roman and universal nature of the rule of the uncrowned king by calling the young king "King of the Germans" or "King of the Teutons" (Latin: Rex Teutonicorum), thereby establishing the superiority of the Papacy over the Empire.

Hohenstaufen reign

Main article: Hohenstaufen dynasty

In 1125, when Henry V died, the Salian rule ended, and the dukes did not choose a blood relative of the king as king, but Lothair II, an influential Duke of Saxony. When he died in 1138, the dukes once again chose a more influential family. So instead of Lothair's preferred heir and son-in-law, Henry the Proud, Duke of Bavaria and Saxony, a Welf, they chose Conrad III, Duke of Swabia, a close relative of the Salian family. This led to a conflict between the two families that lasted for more than a century, almost throughout the entire Hohenstaufen dynasty, so that after the Pope became the leader of the anti-emperor faction, the anti-emperor faction was still called the "Guelphs" ("Welfs" in Italian). Conrad expropriated the Welfs, but after his death in 1152, his nephew Frederick I the Redbeard succeeded him and made peace with the Welfs, returning the property of his cousin Henry the Lion, son of Henry the Proud, although in smaller quantities than before.

The Hohenstaufen rulers increasingly lent land to ministerialia, whom Frederick hoped would be more reliable than the dukes. This new class was initially primarily used for war, and they were the forerunners of the later knights and the foundation of imperial power. Another fundamental change in the empire during the Hohenstaufen period was the new order of the entire empire established in Roncaglia. This was partly an attempt to abolish the private fiefs of many dukes, and partly an attempt to bring the emperor's ministers under the same legal system of justice and prosecution, a forerunner of the modern concept of "rule of law". Another new concept was the establishment of a new system of cities - jointly accomplished by the emperor and local dukes. This idea was partly due to the rapid population growth, but also to the need to focus economic development on key areas, where cities had previously only been formed on Roman foundations or bishoprics. Some cities, including Freiburg, were founded in the 12th century and to some extent became the economic development model for many later cities, such as Munich.

Another important move by Frederick during his reign was to try to further establish "imperial power" through legislation. When Frederick was crowned emperor in 1155, he emphasized the "Romanness" of the empire, partly to prove the legitimacy of the (already strengthened) imperial power independent of the church. In 1157, Frederick changed the name of the country from the Roman Empire (Imperium Romanum) to the Holy Roman Empire (Sacrum Romanum Imperium) to emphasize the divinity of the imperial power. Later, at the Roncaglia Imperial Congress in 1158, Frederick once again stated the emperor's various rights based on the Corpus Juris Civilis of the Eastern Roman Empire. Since the Investiture Controversy, the imperial power had been regarded as a synonym for the German feudal monarchy (Regnum), but it was first established in the form of a written law as a "universal power of God" in Roncaglia. This wide range of powers included road construction, tariffs, coinage, punitive fees, and the appointment and dismissal of public officials, and these powers could clearly be found in Roman law. This move was of great significance because it led to further confrontation between the emperor and the princes and the pope, laying the groundwork for the later interregnum.

Frederick's policy was mainly aimed at Italy, where he clashed with some increasingly wealthy and independent cities in northern Italy, especially Milan. He was also involved in a conflict with the Roman Curia because of his support for a minority candidate against Pope Alexander III. Frederick supported a series of antipopes before shaking hands with the pope in 1177. In Germany, the emperor repeatedly protected Henry the Lion from rival principalities and cities (especially Munich and Lübeck). Henry's support for Frederick's policies was not strong, however, and when the Italian war entered a critical moment, Henry refused the emperor's request for military support. When Frederick returned to Germany, he was furious and filed a lawsuit against Henry, confiscating all of Henry's territory except Brunswick-Lüneburg, and transferring his titles of Duke of Saxony and Duke of Bavaria to Bernhard of Ascany and Otto "Red" of Wittelsbach respectively.

During the reign of the Hohenstaufen family, the German principalities successfully and peacefully promoted the settlement of eastern lands, previously settled by western Slavs or unsettled, by the eloquent peasants, merchants and craftsmen (both Christians and Jews) in the west of the empire. The gradual Germanization of these lands was a complex phenomenon that could not be reasonably explained before the emergence of racial prejudice in the 19th century. With the eastward expansion of settlements and due to intermarriage between local Slavic rulers and Germans, the empire's influence continued to rise, eventually reaching Pomerania and Silesia. Meanwhile, the Teutonic Knights were invited to Prussia by Duke Konrad of Masovia in 1226 to promote the Christianization of the Prussians, but the Teutonic Knights and their Germanic successor, the Kingdom of Prussia, were never part of the Holy Roman Empire, although the King of Prussia later participated in imperial politics as the Margrave of Brandenburg.

In 1190, Frederick the Red participated in the Third Crusade and died in Asia Minor. The Hohenstaufen family reached its peak during the reign of his son and successor, Henry VI. Henry obtained the Norman inheritance of the Kingdom of Sicily through marriage, captured the King of England, Richard the Lionheart, conquered the Kingdom of Sicily in 1194, and attempted to establish a hereditary monarchy before his death in 1197. After his death, his son Frederick had been chosen as king, but was only a child living in Sicily. The German principalities decided to choose another adult king, so there was a situation where two candidates competed for the throne: Philip of Swabia, the youngest son of Frederick the Red Beard, and Otto of Brunswick, the son of Henry the Lion.

In 1208, Philip was murdered in a quarrel, and Otto of the House of Welf won a short victory until he also began to claim the throne of Sicily. Pope Innocent III feared the threat of the Empire and Sicily, so he supported his godson, King Frederick of Sicily, the son of Henry VI who had been excluded from the throne 10 years ago, to march into Germany and defeat Otto. Although Frederick passed the throne of Sicily to his son Henry before his expedition to Germany, after his victory, Frederick did not fulfill his promise to keep the two countries separate, and still retained his actual control over Sicily.

This situation lasted until Frederick was crowned emperor in 1220. The pope feared Frederick's centralized power and eventually excommunicated him. On the other hand, Frederick had promised to launch a crusade, but repeatedly postponed it. Despite his excommunication, Frederick led the crusade in 1228, which ended in a series of negotiations and the temporary restoration of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Frederick's victory in the crusade and his excellent counterattack in Sicily restored his candidacy, but still could not prevent the growing conflict between the emperor and the pope. As a result, Frederick's trusted German co-king, his eldest son Henry, rebelled against his father in 1234 with the support of the pope, and after Frederick's death in 1247, the German states elected a rival king, William, with the support of the pope.

In addition to his imperial demands, Frederick's reign was a turning point in the disintegration of the empire's centralization. While he focused on establishing Sicily as a modern centralized state, he was mostly away from Germany, and granted extensive privileges to German princes: in the Confederatio cum principibus ecclesiasticis of 1220, Frederick delegated many powers to the bishops, such as setting tariffs, minting coins, and fortification. In the Statutum in favorem principum of 1232, most of these privileges were given to secular regions. Although many of these privileges had already existed before, they were now granted extensively and all at once. The Statutum in favorem principum of 1232 also referred to the German princes as Domini Terrae for the first time, meaning the lords of their territories, which was also a remarkable advance in political terminology. In addition, in 1212, Frederick issued the Golden Bull of Sicily, recognizing the royal titles of King Przemysl Ottokar I (who began to use the title of king in 1198) and his descendants, and promoted the Duchy of Bohemia to a kingdom. In return for Ottokar's support for his becoming emperor, the King of Bohemia was exempted from all obligations except participating in the Imperial Conference. Frederick hoped to win over the German princes through such extensive privileges, so that they could help him maintain order north of the Alps while he focused on Italian affairs. In fact, such policies were at least effective during Frederick's reign: during Henry's rebellion in 1234, the German princes who had been causing trouble for the emperor during the Red Beard period stood firmly on the emperor's side this time, and the rebellion was quelled within half a year.

During the early three dynasties of the Holy Roman Empire, the emperors basically ascended the throne as dukes of the five major Germanic tribes, and the cooperation with the Roman Catholic Church maintained internal stability in the empire. However, after Frederick II adopted a policy of emphasizing Italy over Germany, the emperor's power and prestige in Germany gradually declined, and he became a small lord no different from ordinary German princes. With the death of Frederick II, the potential dangers caused by the previous policy bias and the bankruptcy of the relationship with the Holy See broke out all at once due to the lack of capable emperors. After the Great Interregnum, from the 12th to the 13th century, the emperor could only rely on the small power of the family to obtain the throne and the throne through political means and marriage. There was a lack of strong royal territories as a source of taxation and the basis for the expansion of royal power. The emperor could only nominally collect a fixed military levy tax from members of the empire. This loose political confederation was completely destroyed in the Thirty Years' War.

Power vacuum

Main article: The Great Interregnum

After Frederick II's death in 1250, the German kingdom was divided between his son Conrad IV and William of the Netherlands, who was elected by the princes. Conrad's death in 1254 was followed by the Great Interregnum, a period during which no king could gain universal recognition, allowing the princes to consolidate their base and even become more independent rulers. After William's death in 1257, a struggle for the throne began between Richard of Cornwall, who was supported by the Guelphs (anti-Hohenstaufen), and King Alfonso X of Castile, who was recognized by the Ghibellines (Hohenstaufen) because of his maternal bloodline from the House of Hohenstaufen, but had never set foot on German soil. After Richard's death in 1273, the Great Interregnum ended with the unanimous recognition of Rudolf I of Habsburg, a minor member of a former Hohenstaufen collateral branch.

The reign of the Habsburgs and Luxembourgs

Main article: Luxembourg Dynasty

For the German nobles at that time, Rudolf of Habsburg was an ideal puppet: he had a brilliant family background (the godson of Frederick II and the maternal bloodline of the Hohenstaufen family), but he was old (55 years old when he ascended the throne) and weak (the Habsburgs only had scattered territories in Upper Burgundy at that time). However, they all underestimated the great talent of this old horse: in 1276, Rudolf I declared war on Ottokar II, the King of Bohemia, who had annexed Babenberg's territory without authorization, on the grounds of violating small privileges. He eventually killed his opponent in the Battle of Dunkerute two years later, successfully turning the vast Austria into the hereditary territory of the Habsburgs, thus becoming a German vassal that was on par with Bohemia. Since then, the imperial crown has almost always been in the hands of the King of Bohemia (mainly from the Luxembourg family) and the Archduke of Austria (the Habsburg family), until Ferdinand I, the King of Bohemia and Hungary from the Habsburg family, took over the imperial crown and the Archduchy of Austria from his brother, Emperor and Archduke of Austria Charles V. The Austrian Habsburg family, which served as Archduke of Austria and King of Bohemia, and its branch Habsburg-Lorraine family, monopolized the throne until the fall of the empire.

However, even though the emperor of this period already possessed great power (relative to that of a single prince) and vast hereditary territories, the Holy Roman Empire still had a difficult path to centralization in the face of a coalition of princes who would unite against the emperor if he tried to deprive them of his privileges: Rudolf I's move to incorporate Austria into his family's territory was unanimously resented by the princes, so that after his death, it was not Albrecht of Habsburg but Adolf of Nassau who was elected King of Rome, and the Nassau family lost its crown to the Habsburg family for the same reason; Charles IV, who controlled vast territories such as Bohemia, Upper Saxony, and Brandenburg, could not do so. He only issued the Golden Bull to confirm the privileges of the princes in order to prevent the emergence of opposing emperors and the outbreak of civil war; Maximilian I's imperial reforms went the furthest, but it was only through the reform of the Imperial Parliament and the feudal military system, the establishment of the Imperial Senate and the Imperial Administrative Circle, to create a central government ruled by and obeyed by the nobles, and this fragile central government was shattered in the subsequent religious reform; as for the world hegemon Charles V, this devout Catholic who could never be supported by the German nobles because of his Spanish and Burgundian cultural background, eventually fell into the quagmire of religious disputes and sadly gave way to his brother Ferdinand I.

Changes in the political landscape

The 13th century also saw a general shift in the way land was managed towards the late Middle Ages, paving the way for the transfer of political power to the rising bourgeoisie at the expense of aristocratic feudalism. Money began to represent more of the economic value of agriculture, in addition to paying poll taxes. Peasants were increasingly required to pay land taxes. The concept of "ownership" began to replace the ancient model of jurisdiction, although they remained closely linked. In the empire, power was more closely linked: whoever had jurisdiction over the land, other powers also came into being. However, it is important to note that jurisdiction during this period did not include judicial power, and in fact the latter did not really emerge until the 13th century. Court trials relied heavily on tradition and custom.

During this period, the various regions of the empire began to transform into the forerunners of modern states. This process varied greatly from region to region, with the fastest-growing areas largely coinciding with the areas of ancient Germanic tribes. It is worth noting that during this period, the Empire began to have an equivalent relationship with the German nation-state and the Germanic regional state: in 1474, Frederick III first added the modifier "of the German nation/Germanic nation" (German: Deutscher Nation/Latin: Nationis Germanicae) to the country's name, and in 1512, at the Imperial Conference in Cologne, Maximilian I first added "King of Germany" (Latin: Rex Germaniae) to the ceremonial title, while the traditional title expressing the jurisdiction over the German region was the unclear "King of the Roman People" (Latin: Romanorum Rex). In 1508, Maximilian I changed "Holy Emperor of the Romans" (Latin: Romanorum Imperator Augustus) to "Elected Roman Emperor" (Latin: Electus Romanorum Imperator) with the consent of Pope Julius II, ending the centuries-old custom that the Holy Roman Emperor must be crowned by the Pope.

The city-states in northern Italy, such as Venice, Florence, and Pisa, which became rich due to the development of capitalism, continued to attract the emperor's attention and energy, which weakened the empire's focus on Germany and other parts of Italy.

In addition, the empire lacked a recognized royal succession law, so once the emperor died, it often caused disputes among the electors to succeed the emperor, which led to civil war and anarchy in the empire. The successor emperor had to defeat other unsupportive princes by force, or had to find a way to win the support of the majority of princes in order to maintain the emperor's authority; under such circumstances, although the Holy Roman Empire had the name of a core "country" composed of member states, it actually gradually evolved into a loose "confederation organization".

Just as the Anti-Holy Roman Public Intellectual said.

Thirty Years' Disasters

On June 26, 1618, there were 390 territories in the Holy Roman Empire, such as duchies, principalities, church territories, free states, free cities, knight territories, etc., and the resentment of Habsburg Austria's policy of reviving imperial power within the empire, and the hostility of the Protestant princes, who made up the majority of the princes, to the Catholic emperor due to the Reformation, eventually led to the Thirty Years' War. The Thirty Years' War caused the German economy to regress by nearly 200 years, as if returning to the feudal era of serfdom; and because of the Peace of Westphalia, the princes in the Holy Roman Empire could enjoy autonomy. This further weakened the imperial power, and the princes in the empire ruled their own territories, and their territories were like an independent kingdom. After the Thirty Years' War, the Holy Roman Empire had a total of 314 states and 1,475 knight manor territories. By the 18th century, after the Polish War of Succession, the Austrian War of Succession, the Seven Years' War and other civil wars, the entire empire was divided into more than 300 independent states of varying sizes. The Holy Roman Emperor could not even be called the leader of the German states, and became a puppet in name only. The impression of the emperor was more of the head of the Habsburg family and the ruler of Austria, rather than the supreme monarch of Germany. On the other hand, several secular electors such as Hanover, Saxony, and Bavaria gradually became indispensable players in European politics. Among them, the Kingdom of Prussia, which developed from the Electorate of Brandenburg, became one of the great powers on the European continent and launched a protracted battle for German hegemony with Austria.

National Humiliation Day

Main article: Napoleonic Wars

In 1789, the French Revolution broke out. The brother-in-law of Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II, King Louis XVI of France, was overthrown. And his sister, Queen Marie Antoinette of France, was executed by the French Republican government. In order to prevent the spread of the "fairness, freedom, and fraternity" ideology, Leopold II tried his best to unite the monarchs of European countries to defend the French monarchy by force.

In 1792, Leopold II formally concluded an alliance with Prussia and prepared to intervene in France by force. He died suddenly at this time, but his son, Holy Roman Emperor Francis II, continued his policy and formed the first anti-French alliance with Prussia, Sardinia, Britain, the Netherlands and Spain the following year. But this alliance collapsed in 1797 because the coalition forces were defeated by the French Italian Front led by Napoleon and were forced to negotiate peace.

In 1799, the European powers took advantage of the opportunity that the French general Napoleon's army was trapped in Egypt and launched an anti-French war again. This time, the Empire formed the Second Anti-French Alliance together with Britain, Turkey and Russia. But at the end of the same year, Napoleon returned alone, launched the Brumaire coup and seized the military and political power of France, becoming the first ruler of France. After that, Napoleon personally commanded the Italian Front, turned back to deal with the anti-French countries, and defeated the coalition in 1800. The Empire had to negotiate peace with Napoleon and dissolve the anti-French alliance. In the announcement issued three weeks after the coup, Napoleon announced that "the Great Revolution is over", which made the European powers feel a little relieved. In addition, their strength was damaged, so they temporarily gave up the anti-French action. But Napoleon's ambition caused Europe to fight again a few years later.

On May 18, 1804, Napoleon proclaimed himself emperor. Holy Roman Emperor Francis II saw that the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon had intensified the division of the German city-states, and was worried that France would expand again and compete with the Holy Roman Empire. Therefore, he decided to unite Britain, Russia, Sweden and the Kingdom of Naples to form the Third Anti-French Alliance.

In 1805, the Empire invaded Bavaria, an ally of the French Empire, with the support of the Russian army. And Naples attacked Napoleon's allies in Italy together with the Imperial Army. However, Napoleon responded quickly and crossed the Rhine from his homeland.

On December 2, the French, Russian and Holy Roman Imperial Armies fought a "Battle of the Three Emperors" in Austerlitz. In the end, Napoleon not only defended Bavaria, but also invaded Moravia, a Habsburg territory, drove the Imperial Army out of Italy, and defeated the Russian reinforcements in Prussia.

On December 16, France and the Empire finally signed the Treaty of Pressburg. After the signing of the peace treaty, Napoleon decided to establish the Rhine Confederation with himself as the Protector of the Country to consolidate his allies in the German region.

On July 12, 1806, under the coercion and inducement of Napoleon, 16 member states of the Holy Roman Empire signed the so-called "Rhine Confederation Treaty" (Rheinbundakte), rebelled against the empire and joined the pseudo-confederation. This move seriously weakened Austria's lordship in the German region, which made Franz II very unhappy. In order to attract more countries to join the confederation, Napoleon decided to end the Holy Roman Empire himself. Therefore, he issued an ultimatum to Emperor Franz II of Austria, forcing him to dissolve the Holy Roman Empire and give up the title of Holy Roman Emperor and King of the Romans.

Finally, Franz II gave up the title of Holy Roman Emperor on August 6, 1806, and only retained the title of Austrian Empire. The Holy Roman Empire suffered its first demise. However, Napoleon's act of destroying the Holy Roman Empire was condemned and opposed by Hohendorf. In order to make the remnants of the Holy Roman Empire remember the shame of 1806, Baron Hohendorf fought against Napoleon to the end.

Restoration

Main article: World War III

Main article: Restoration of the Holy Roman Empire

More than two hundred years later, the descendant of Baron Hohendorf, Prime Minister of the United Empire of Japan, Noyuki Takamura, formed an alliance with the rebels led by George Myers to rebuild the former Holy Roman Empire. Together, they destroyed the British fascist regime and rebuilt the Holy Roman Empire with the support of various countries. Some people (such as the descendants of the Bonaparte family and even the so-called "descendants of Voltaire") were extremely opposed to the reconstruction of the Holy Roman Empire, but due to the coercion of the Japanese army, the opponents' demands were forcibly rejected or even exiled. On July 5, 2045, with the assistance of the Japanese army, after George Myers was crowned as Holy Roman Emperor George I, Takamura Noyuki and Gudrun Schüßler officially announced the restoration of the Holy Roman Empire. The capital was set in Rome. The rebuilt Holy Roman Empire became the largest socialist country in the world with a population second only to China.

After the Restoration

Political turmoil in the early period after the restoration

Main article: Devil's Wheel War

This section concerns content related to Cataclysm.

In the years after the restoration of the Holy Roman Empire (2045~2050), although the domestic economy has made great progress, the military strength and quality of the army have greatly improved, and the laws have been improved. However, during the reconstruction period, the most serious political turmoil since the old Holy Roman period in the 13th century occurred.

Especially after the outbreak of the Great Cataclysm, the infamous Devil's Wheel Cult launched a series of riots and chaos in various provinces of the newly born Holy Roman Empire (especially the province of Britain), causing the social stability of the Holy Roman Empire to suffer a serious impact and even erupt. This led to some people in the Holy Roman Empire questioning the laws and policies of the Holy Roman Empire, and the "June 11 Incident" that shocked the world broke out. The Holy Roman Government and the Japanese troops stationed in the Holy Roman Empire sent troops to clear the area to quell the unrest.

In the years after the unrest, corruption within the Holy Roman Government began to become extremely serious. The Holy Roman Government implemented a series of laws to investigate corruption and doubts within the Holy Roman government from the source and to carry out political purge on corrupt and dissident Holy Roman officials, civilians and religious figures.

Not only were corrupt and dissidents purged, but also Voltaire and his books who insulted and slandered the Holy Roman regime, Napoleon Bonaparte and his descendants who overthrew the Holy Roman regime, and Devil's Wheel Sect who incited riots and spread rumors of cults, as well as the "Freemasons" were also included in the purge list.

After Napoleon X was executed

At the end of the Devil's Wheel War, after the troops of the Grand Master of the Knights of St. Joseph, Giuseppe Attilisi, defeated and captured Napoleon X, the Grand Master authorized the Holy Roman Army and Prime Minister Schüßler to take Napoleon X to the square of Valhalla in Tokyo, Japan and behead him to end the Devil's Wheel sect and kill the last descendant of the Bonaparte family.

After the descendants of Napoleon I, the super-class war criminal who once destroyed the Holy Roman Empire, were executed by the Holy Roman Prime Minister Gudrun Schüßler in the square of Valhalla in Tokyo, Japan, the people of the Holy Roman Empire and the Holy Roman people abroad celebrated the news of the execution of the descendants of the super-class war criminals.

After the war, the Holy Roman Empire was rebuilt to a position of prosperity and strength, and later participated in the research and development of outer space. No longer dependent on the protection of China and Japan, it became a true superpower.

Peaceful Development Period

In the more than ten years after the end of the Devil's Wheel War, the Holy Roman Empire rebuilt the country and restored order. This included the subsequent Four Five-Year Plans to comprehensively develop and restore the country's economy, order, politics, defense and diplomacy. In addition, the Holy Roman Empire also cooperated with China and the Mongolia to build the Bakjal Canal to dredge the Yellow River, and then established a series of large-scale projects and repairs (such as the English Bridge, Ladoga Canal, Gibraltar Bridge, Volga-Don Canal, Svealand Canal, Ulster Bridge, Chernobyl Purification, Siberian urbanization, monument repair, Bering Bridge), making the Holy Roman Empire a wonder of the world again.

The comprehensive development of large projects also laid the foundation for the Holy Roman Empire to become a world wonder, and also allowed the country's influence to continue to grow. Until the invasion of the demon legion.

Demon Legion Invasion

In 2088, when the Demon Legion invaded the Earth, the Holy Roman Emperor George I personally led the army and joined forces with the Chinese and Central Asian Alliance to fight against the invading Demon Legion in Tyumen, but the emperor died in the battle. The whole country of the Holy Roman Empire was mourning for the emperor who died in the battle. After the crown prince Peter ascended the throne, the Holy Roman government shifted its focus to fighting against the invasion of the Demon Legion and joined forces with countries around the world to fight against the infiltration of the Demon Legion. He also fully funded the "Anti-Demon Legion Coalition" to fight against the Demon Legion, and even in the later period, the Holy Roman Empire used the nuclear missile "Emperor's Wrath" (formerly the "Big Ivan" nuclear bomb) to destroy the core planet of the Demon Legion to end the invasion of the Demon Legion.

World Unification

In 2150, the Holy Roman Empire and all countries in the world (including the United States, Japan, China, and South Korea) jointly announced the establishment of the "User:Xzdxdd123/Terran Republic" (Terran Republic). After the establishment of the republic, all countries including the Holy Roman Empire will declare a merger. Completely terminate the existence of the original member states.

Overview of the Empire

Emperor

Main article: Holy Roman Emperor

The ruler of the Holy Roman Empire is commonly known as the Holy Roman Emperor. Before 1508, his title was "Holy Emperor of the Romans" (Latin: Romanorum Imperator Augustus), and after 1508, his title was "Elected Roman Emperor" (Latin: Electus Romanorum Imperator). Since Otto I (the first emperor of the Otto family) was crowned by the Pope, every king of the Roman people has hoped to obtain the title of emperor. However, the title of emperor of the empire created by Otto I came from the title of "Emperor of the Western Roman Empire" granted by the Pope. The emperor obtained the legitimacy of "Roman Emperor" by conquering Italy. The so-called electors of the empire should directly elect the "King of the Romans" rather than the emperor. Therefore, not every German ruler can become an emperor. Only the strong who marched into Italy and accepted the coronation of the Pope can obtain this honor.

The scope of the Holy Roman Empire, with the continuous inclusion and joining of regions by Otto I and his descendants, extended from the Germanic plain in the north to the Baltic Sea, east to part of today's Poland, and south to today's Switzerland, Bohemia, Austria and northern Italy. From the very beginning, the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire faced the same problem, that is, how to maintain control over the two different regions of Germany and Italy, because the Alps separated the two places and it was not easy to unify them.

The success of the Holy Roman Empire was basically due to the two main members, Germany and Italy. The Germans did not eliminate many of their barbaric characteristics. They were conquered by Charlemagne very early. The empire also benefited a lot from Italy's culture, technology and trade. The Italians gladly accepted the peace and stability ensured by the empire because they had been invaded five hundred years ago. The protection provided by the empire defended the Roman Curia and allowed the city-states of Italy to begin to develop.

The army of the emperor of the empire was composed of tenants of church lands, who were obliged to serve the emperor. These soldiers were the majority of the emperor's army before the emperor broke with the church and lost his authority. The second important force was the legion composed of manor serfs. Although some of them would become knights after receiving the best training and equipment, they were not free men. The third was the freemen, military households, peasants, and knights who were given land by the empire. In theory, the emperor had the right to command all the troops in the empire, and the principalities would also provide military service calls at the request of the emperor. These troops would be used to suppress riots or political disputes involving nobles and peasants in the empire, and must also resist invasions launched by Vikings in the north and Magyars in the east.

During the reigns of Liudov and Salian, the emperor still had actual power, and the command of the imperial army gave the emperor the power to control members of the empire.

However, the confrontation between the emperor and the pope indirectly shaped the future destiny of Germany. This confrontation was about the emperor's granting of bishops and the appointment of clergy in other churches in Germany. Pope Gregory VII opposed this measure because it led to the sale of church clergy positions, which became a major source of corruption. Clergy positions often went to the highest bidder. In a long-term competition between several popes and emperors, the pope won the right to choose bishops. In this dispute, the empire broke out into civil war in Germany.

Weakened the emperors' rule in Germany and Italy. When the emperor was temporarily excommunicated and invested in the war against Rome, the imperial regime was no longer effective. Without the intervention or help of the emperor, the local German princes united their forces and fought against the Vikings. In Italy, the rising city-states united to form the Lombard League and refused to recognize the status of the Holy Roman Emperor.

Therefore, as the centrifugal tendencies of the German princes intensified, the status of the emperor continued to decline. After Charles IV of the Luxembourg family issued the Golden Bull in 1356, the emperor was actually elected by the seven electors in the kingdom. They were the three oldest and most powerful church princes: Archbishop of Mainz, Archbishop of Cologne, Archbishop of Trier; four secular lords: King of Bohemia, Count of Rhine-Pfalz, Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg, Margrave of Brandenburg, and the member states of the empire themselves no longer believed that the emperor and the empire had actual value.

The political power in Germany and Italy has since shifted from the emperor to the local princes and cities. The emperor's army rebelled, occupied the cities and castles they were stationed in, and announced that these places were liberated. The emperor at that time made many concessions to the local princes in Germany in order to retake Italy. By the middle of the 13th century, the Holy Roman Empire was already in name only, and the throne had been vacant for 20 years. The German princes only cared about what they had. The city-states of Italy did not accept Germanic rulers, and they were strong enough to defend themselves.

The emperors of the Middle Ages were elected by Germanic princes, but they were only in name only, and their control over the local areas was far less than their control over their family estates. For centuries, the Germans were only a small force in Europe.

In the 16th century, the Habsburg family tried to revive the imperial power, but gave up due to the joint opposition of European countries and German princes. It was not until 2045, after the restoration of the empire, that things changed.

After the restoration of the Holy Roman Empire, the Holy Roman Emperor George I (George Myers) gave the deceased emperors of the old Holy Roman Empire temple names (all of them were posthumously given temple names except the current emperor):

(Note: "Current Emperor" is similar to "Current Emperor", referring to the current monarch. "Former Emperor" is similar to "Former Emperor", referring to the former monarch who abdicated and still exists.)

Xuanzu: Heinrich I
Taizu: Otto I
Taizong: Otto II
Gaozong: Otto III
Sejong: Heinrich II
Injong: Conrad II
Deokjong: Heinrich III
Danjong: Heinrich IV
Jeongjong: Heinrich V
Seongjong: Lothar III
Shengzu: Frederick Barbarossa
Jianzong: Heinrich VI
Ningzong: Otto IV
Qinzong: Frederick II
Ruizong: Henry VII
Xuanzong: Ludwig IV
Shaozong: Charles IV
Xizong: Sigismund
Yizong: Frederick III
Youzong: Maximilian I
Zhongzong: Charles V
Muzong: Ferdinand I
Yezong: Maximilian II
Yuzong: Rudolf II
Yingzong: Matthias
Cheolzong: Ferdinand II
Weizong: Ferdinand III
Sizong: Leopold I
Lizong: Joseph I
Kangzong: Charles VI
Jingzong: Charles VII
Sunzong: Franz I
Ningzong: Joseph II
Yeozong: Leopold II
Aizong: Franz II
Liezu: George I
Qiandi: Peter I
Jindi (became the "Modi" (or last emperor) after the Holy Roman Empire joined the Terran Republic in 2150): Maria I

To this day, in order to worship the late Holy Roman Emperor, the Holy Roman Government urged Japan to build a tablet of the late Holy Roman Emperor at the Heroes Shrine so that the Holy Roman Government and the royal family members could worship. However, the Holy Roman Government's request was opposed by the Kingdom of Korea, which said that "establishing a tablet of the Holy Roman Emperor at the Yasukuni Shrine is a tarnishing of the legitimacy of the Holy Roman Empire." However, the Holy Roman Government rejected the South Korean objection, saying that "most of the dead worshipped in the Valhalla Shrine (formerly the Yasukuni Shrine) are heroes who sacrificed their lives to defend their homes from invasion, to end the atrocities of British fascism, and to fight against the Devil's Wheel cult during the Third World War and the Devil's Wheel War. They are not the "war criminals" (referring to the 14 Class A war criminals such as Hideki Tojo who committed heinous crimes during the Second World War) that the Chinese and Koreans believe in. "

After George I's death, Peter I inherited the throne of the Holy Roman Empire and continued to do so until he abdicated in 2101 and gave it to his daughter Maria. Maria I was the only female emperor and the last emperor after the restoration of the Holy Roman Empire.

Capital

The Holy Roman Empire has no clear capital, only the palaces of the king and emperor, such as Magdeburg, Speyer, Prague and Vienna; in addition, there are some important cities, such as Aachen → Frankfurt am Main, Regensburg and Nuremberg.

On July 5, 2045, the Holy Roman Government officially declared Rome as the capital of the Holy Roman Empire.

Culture

The Holy Roman Empire had a huge influence in politics, philosophy, art, thought and culture, and was called the "country of poets and thinkers". It included many (including famous figures after 1806):

Note: Due to political correctness within the Holy Roman Empire, some controversial thinkers and politicians are not included. (such as Adolf Hitler)

Music:

Ludwig van Beethoven
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Joseph Haydn
Carl Maria von Weber
Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdi
Robert Schumann
Johannes Brahms
Johann Sebastian Bach
Georg Friedrich Handel
Leopold Mozart
Richard Wagner
Richard Strauss
Antonio Salieri
Karlheinz Stockhausen
Hans Florian Zimmer
Johann Strauss Sr.
Johann Strauss Jr.
Anton Bruckner
Franz Schubert
Gustav Mahler

Literature and philosophy

Karl Marx (rehabilitated)
Gottfried Leibniz
Immanuel Kant
Friedrich von Schelling
Arthur Schopenhauer
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Ludwig Wittgenstein
Friedrich Nietzsche
Friedrich Engels (rehabilitated)
Brothers Grimm
Jan Huss (rehabilitated)
Martin Luther (rehabilitated)

Politics

Sigismund I von Luxemburg
Frederick Barbarossa

Media

Holy Roman Central Television

Military

Karl von Clausewitz

Festivals

After the Holy Roman Empire was rebuilt, in order to increase the country's inclusiveness and multi-ethnic characteristics, all East Asian and European festivals were cited.

Gregorian calendar

January 1: New Year's Day
January 3: January 3rd Incident Celebration Day
February 2: Holy Roman National Day
February 11: Hohendorf Festival (like Taeyang Festival from DPRK/N. Korea)
February 14: Valentine's Day
March 8: International Women's Day
Between March 22 and April 25: Easter
April 1: International April Fools' Day
April 5: Qingming Festival
May 1: International Labor Day
May 5: Karl Marx's Birthday
May 9: George Myers Memorial Day and Victory Day in World War III
June 1: International Children's Day
July 5: Holy Roman National Day
August 6: National Humiliation Memorial Day
October 31: Halloween
November 28: Birthday of Friedrich Engels
December 25: Christmas

Lunar calendar

First day of the first lunar month: Spring Festival
Fifteenth day of the first lunar month: Lantern Festival
Second day of the second lunar month: Spring Dragon Festival
Third day of the third lunar month: Shangsi Festival
Solar term Qingming: Qingming Festival
Fifth day of the fifth lunar month: Dragon Boat Festival
Seventh day of the seventh lunar month: Qixi Festival
Fifteenth day of the seventh lunar month: Zhongyuan Festival
Fifteenth day of the eighth lunar month: Mid-Autumn Festival
Ninth day of the ninth lunar month: Double Ninth Festival
First day of the tenth lunar month: Cold Clothes Festival
Fifteenth day of the tenth lunar month: Lower Yuan Festival
Solar term Winter Solstice: Winter Solstice Festival
Eighth day of the twelfth lunar month: Laba Festival
Twenty-third or twenty-fourth day of the twelfth lunar month: Little New Year
Thirty-third day of the twelfth lunar month (twenty-ninth day of the little lunar month): New Year's Eve

Population, Education, Economy and Religion

In terms of population, according to the 2046 Holy Roman National Census, the population of the Holy Roman Empire is about 1,250,000,000, making it the third most populous country in the world. Its domestic social, economic, quality and education have been developed and constructed on a large scale after the war. The population under 14 and over 60 each account for 20% of the country, and the majority of the rest are between 15 and 59 years old (60% of the country). The unemployment rate in the Holy Roman Empire decreases by 10% every year.

In terms of the gender ratio of newborns in the Holy Roman Empire, women account for the majority. The 2046 census shows that the ratio of men to women is 99 to 119. In the 2046 census, men account for 45% of the country's total population and women account for 55% of the country.

The Holy Roman Empire's policies on the elderly are completely linked to China, and the Holy Roman government's living welfare and preferential policies for the elderly are greatly guaranteed.

In terms of education, the Holy Roman Government paid more attention to the education of knowledge and politics, and even quoted some Chinese history textbooks and dictionaries and even promoted English, German, Japanese and Chinese education to the people of the country to solve employment problems at home and abroad.

The percentage of education level in the Holy Roman Empire accounts for the country's:

Graduate students (1%)
Undergraduate students (10%)
College students (12.5%)
Secondary vocational school (30%)
General high school (30%)
Junior high school (11.5%)
Primary school (4%)
No formal education (1%)

In terms of religion, the Holy Roman Empire is a multi-religious country. The main religions of the Holy Roman Empire are Catholicism, Lutheranism, Reformed Protestantism, Anglicanism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Coptic, Armenian Apostolic Church, Islam, Buddhism, Taoism. Citizens of the Holy Roman Empire can freely choose and express their beliefs and show their religious identity.

Respecting and protecting freedom of religious belief is a long-term basic policy of the Holy Roman Government in dealing with religious issues. Freedom of religious belief, as a citizen's right, is protected by the Constitution and laws.

Economy

The Holy Roman Empire is the world's largest economy, the world's largest industrial country, and the world's largest agricultural country.

Political Censorship

Main article: Censorship in the Holy Roman Empire

Trivia

The setting of the Holy Roman Empire in the "Chronicles of Myers" series is described as similar to the Kingdom of Stormwind in the game World of Warcraft.

^ since 2045

[1] since 2045

[1]

Navigation menu

Search